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<P>
<H3><A NAME="SECTION00043100000000000000">Core semantics of proper nouns</A></H3>
<P>
<H4><A NAME="SECTION00043110000000000000">Proper nouns: Graphical criterion</A></H4>
<P>
Proper nouns may begin with an upper-case character, but this is not
a necessary condition. Furthermore, all nouns that begin with an
upper-case character are not proper nouns. For example, names for inhabitants
like <EM>Français</EM>, <EM>Africain</EM>, etc., or names for feast days like
<EM>Pâques</EM>, are
considered as common nouns (see below for criteria).
Moreover, upper-case characters occur on the words which begin a sentence and
on emphasised words in titles or running text (<EM>l'Etat souverain</EM>).
Consequently, this criterion is neither sufficient nor necessary.
<P>
<EM>Test</EM>:
<P>
If <EM>X</EM> begins with an upper-case character, it <EM>may</EM> be a proper noun.
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> <B>Coca-Cola</B><A NAME="tex2html16" HREF="footnode.html#5108" target="footer"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="gif" SRC="http://www.ilc.cnr.it/icons/foot_motif.gif"></A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>
<LI> <B>Pierre</B><A NAME="5115"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>
<LI> <B>Meunier</B><A NAME="5123"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>
<LI> <B>Paris</B><A NAME="5131"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>
<LI> <B>GSI-Erli</B><A NAME="5139"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>
<LI> la <B>France</B><A NAME="5147"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>
<LI> la <B>Provence</B><A NAME="5155"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>
<LI> les <B>Alpes</B><A NAME="5163"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>
<LI> le <B>Rhin</B><A NAME="5171"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>
<LI> le <B>Louvre</B><A NAME="5179"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>
<LI> la <B>rue Mouffetard</B><A NAME="5187"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
but:
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> les <B>Français</B><A NAME="5218"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL>
<LI> <B>Pâques</B><A NAME="5228"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL>
<LI> <B>l'Etat souverain</B><A NAME="5233"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL>
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
<H4><A NAME="SECTION00043120000000000000">Proper nouns: Syntactic criterion</A></H4>
<P>
If a noun is incompatible with the definite
article (i.e. if the noun is in the singular form) and if it occupies the
syntactic position of a subject without a specifying adjective,
without a complement and without a restrictive relative phrase,
then it is a proper noun.
In other words, proper nouns need no other elements, like determiners,
to occupy non-terminal phrases. Proper nouns have this behaviour in
common with pronouns, but proper nouns do not play the role of
substitutes for a noun phrase.
<P>
The opposite of this criterion is not true: any noun that
occupies a noun phrase with a determiner is not a common noun
(example: <EM>les Alpes</EM>, see below).
Notice also that, in certain cases, the morphological
unit <EM>le</EM> is part of the proper noun (example: <EM>Le Havre</EM>).
This criterion is therefore sufficient but not necessary.
<P>
<EM>Test</EM>:
<P>
Given <EM>Det</EM> a determiner, <EM>NP</EM> a noun phrase:
if <EM>NP</EM> (<EM>Det</EM> + <EM>X</EM> + notY) or <EM>NP</EM> (<EM>Det</EM> + notY + <EM>X</EM>) with
<TT>function=subject</TT> fails, then <EM>X</EM> is a proper noun.
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> *Le <B>Pierre</B><A NAME="5268"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL> chante.<BR>
but:<BR>
<B>Pierre</B><A NAME="5277"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL> chante.
<LI> Le petit <B>Pierre</B><A NAME="5285"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL> chante; Le <B>Pierre</B><A NAME="5293"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL> qui
est de bonne humeur chante.
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
<H4><A NAME="SECTION00043130000000000000">Proper nouns: Semantic criteria</A></H4>
<P>
<H5><A NAME="SECTION00043131000000000000">Proper nouns: Semantic criterion 1</A></H5>
<P>
Proper nouns are non descriptive nominals that denote single,
individual objects.
Note that common nouns like `soleil', `lune', `terre',
`voie lactée', etc., also denote single, individual objects
(for tests see below).
If proper nouns are in the plural form, they denote several
individuals or objects which
have the same name (``tous les Martin de l'annuaire'').
<P>
<EM>Test</EM>:
<P>
Given <EM>X</EM> a noun that is a candidate for a proper noun, and given a
descriptive nominal phrase <EM>NP</EM>, with both <EM>X</EM> and <EM>NP</EM> denoting the same object:
if coordination under the same <EM>NP</EM> fails, then <EM>X</EM> can be a proper noun.
Note that this is not necessarily the case, if the common noun denotes a single object.
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> *Le <B>Paul</B><A NAME="5366"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL> et <B>capitaine</B><A NAME="5374"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> de l'équipe a été expulsé.
<LI> *La ville de <B>Paris</B><A NAME="5382"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL> et <B>capitale</B><A NAME="5390"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> de la France.
<LI> *La société <B>GSI-Erli</B><A NAME="5398"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL> et <B>société</B><A NAME="5413"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> en ingénierie linguistique.
<LI> *La <B>rue Mouffetard</B><A NAME="5418"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL> et <B>rue</B><A NAME="5426"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> pittoresque.
<LI> *Le <B>Louvre</B><A NAME="5434"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL> et <B>musée</B><A NAME="5447"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> célèbre de Paris.
<LI> *Le <B>Rhin</B><A NAME="5452"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL> et <B>fleuve</B><A NAME="5460"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> mythique.
<LI> etc.
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
but:
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> Le <B>gardien de but</B><A NAME="5492"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> et <B>capitaine</B><A NAME="5500"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> de l'équipe a été expulsé.
<LI> Cette grande <B>métropole</B><A NAME="5513"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> et <B>capitale</B><A NAME="5518"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> de la France ....
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
<EM>Test</EM>:
<P>
Given a descriptive nominal <EM>NP</EM> and given <EM>X</EM> a noun that is a candidate for a proper
noun:
if the transformation of the apposition <EM>X</EM> into a relative phrase
fails, then <EM>X</EM> is a proper noun.
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> Le maire du village, Pierre, est respecté.<BR>
*Le maire du village, qui est <B>Pierre</B><A NAME="5556"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>, est respecté.
<LI> Cette rue pittoresque, la rue Mouffetard, est connue.<BR>
*Cette rue pittoresque, qui est la <B>rue Mouffetard</B><A NAME="5565"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>, est connue.
<P>
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
but:
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> Le maire du village, à savoir <B>Pierre</B><A NAME="5590"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>, est respecté.
<LI> Cette rue pittoresque, à savoir la <B>rue Mouffetard</B><A NAME="5598"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>, est
connue.
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
<EM>Test</EM>:
<P>
Given <EM>X</EM> a noun: if <EM>X</EM> cannot have a predicative function, then
<EM>X</EM> is a proper noun.
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> *Cette société est une société <B>GSI-Erli</B><A NAME="5637"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>.
<LI> *Cet homme est un <B>Paul</B><A NAME="5645"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>.
<LI> *Ce fleuve est un <B>Rhin</B><A NAME="5653"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL>.
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
but:
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> Cet animal est un <B>lion</B><A NAME="5681"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> (= a les caractéristiques d'un lion).
<LI> Ce meuble est une <B>chaise</B><A NAME="5689"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> (= a les caractéristiques d'une chaise).
<LI> Ce bâtiment est un <B>HLM</B><A NAME="5697"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> (= a les caractéristiques d'un HLM).
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
<EM>Test</EM>:
<P>
Given <EM>X</EM> a noun: if <EM>X</EM> is a vocative, then <EM>X</EM> is a proper noun.
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> Cher <B>Maître</B><A NAME="5728"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL> ...
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
<H5><A NAME="SECTION00043132000000000000">Proper nouns: Semantic criterion 2</A></H5>
<P>
Proper nouns are, from a semantic point of view, transparent or
semantically not motivated. This means that no semantic structure
underlies them.
Nevertheless, proper nouns can be related to the
semantic network either by morphosemantic relations (example:
`Paris' - `parisien') or via semantic features that they share with
common nouns (example: ``vodka: alcoholic drink, ...'').
Proper nouns are also related to the semantic network through means of
predicates like `s'appeler', ``porter le nom'', `se nommer'.
These predicates can also be a common denominator for different proper
nouns that denote the same object.
Furthermore, the emergence of new proper nouns does not disturb the
semantic organisation of existing lexical units, nor the
paradigm of proper nouns.
<P>
Note that the following tests are not really applicable to common nouns that
denote single objects (example: `soleil'), to the names of the
days of the week
(example: `lundi'), to the names of feast days (example:
`Pâques') and to the names for inhabitants (example: `Français').
In contrast to <EM>proper nouns</EM>, these nouns have an underlying semantic or conceptual
structure (`soleil' versus `lune', `terre'
versus `ciel', for example), i.e. they are
semantically motivated (example: `lundi' means ``jour de la lune'').
Names for inhabitants are considered as common nouns because they predicate
a property, that is, the membership of a particular group of people.
Furthermore, we can say that the weekdays and names of feast days and
public holidays are integrated into a conceptual system, that is, the
calendar.
<P>
<EM>Test</EM>:
<P>
Given <EM>X</EM> and <EM>Y</EM> nouns:
if ``the synonym of <EM>X</EM> is <EM>Y</EM>'' or ``the opposite of <EM>X</EM> is <EM>
Y</EM>'', etc., fails, then <EM>X</EM> is a proper noun.
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> *<B>`Pierre'</B><A NAME="5752"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL> is a synonym for Paul.
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
but:
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> <B>`Enfant'</B><A NAME="5777"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> and <B>`gamin'</B><A NAME="5785"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> and <B>`môme'</B><A NAME="5798"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> are synonyms.
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
<EM>Test</EM>:
<P>
Given <EM>X</EM>, <EM>Y</EM> nouns:
if ``the <EM>X</EM> are a class of <EM>X<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=10 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline52159" SRC="img5.gif"></EM>, <EM>X<IMG WIDTH=5 HEIGHT=10 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline52161" SRC="img6.gif"></EM>, etc.'' fails, then
<EM>X</EM> is a proper noun.
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> *The <B>Bourbons</B><A NAME="5822"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=prop</FONT></SMALL> are a class of
...
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
but:
<P>
<EM>Examples</EM>:
<P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL>
<LI> The <B>lions</B><A NAME="5844"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n & type=com</FONT></SMALL> are a class of lion<IMG WIDTH=4 HEIGHT=10 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline52159" SRC="img5.gif">, lion<IMG WIDTH=5 HEIGHT=10 ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="tex2html_wrap_inline52161" SRC="img6.gif">, etc.
</UL></P></DIV><P>
<P>
Note that, for common nouns, the plural form denotes a range of elements
that belong to a given class, designated by the noun. The plural form of
proper nouns denotes several entities of the same name.
<P>
<H5><A NAME="SECTION00043133000000000000">Proper nouns: Semantic criterion 3</A></H5>
<P>
Proper nouns can be defined in extension by the enumeration of
semantic sub-classes to which they may belong.
<P>
<CENTER>
<DIV ALIGN=CENTER><P ALIGN=CENTER><TABLE COLS=2 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS>
<COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=JUSTIFY WIDTH="8cm"><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=JUSTIFY WIDTH="7cm">
<TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2>
type=prop</TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227"><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198"><B>Examples</B></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">first names</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198"><B>Pierre</B><A NAME="5856"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">last names</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198"><B>Meunier</B><A NAME="5868"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">names of regions</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198">la <B>Provence</B><A NAME="5880"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">names of towns</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198"><B>Paris</B><A NAME="5892"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">names of mountains</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198">les <B>Alpes</B><A NAME="5904"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">names of rivers, oceans, etc.</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198">la <B>Seine</B><A NAME="5918"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL>,<BR>la <B>mer Rouge</B><A NAME="5926"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">names of countries</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198">la <B>France</B><A NAME="5938"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">names of islands</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198">l'<B>île d'Elbe</B><A NAME="5956"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">names of planets</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198"><B>Mars</B><A NAME="5965"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">names of companies, institutions</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198"><B>GSI-Erli</B><A NAME="5979"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL>,<BR>la <B>CAF</B><A NAME="5987"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">trademarks or product names</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198"><B>Coca-Cola</B><A NAME="5999"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">names of organisations, parties</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198"><B>Les Verts</B><A NAME="6011"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">names of fictive mythological figures, epics</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198">les <B>Sirènes</B><A NAME="6031"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL><BR>
l'<B>Iliade</B><A NAME="6036"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">names of buildings</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198">le <B>Louvre</B><A NAME="6048"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">names for historical events or military<BR>operations; regimes</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198">la <B>Révolution
française</B><A NAME="6069"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">names of streets</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198">la <B>rue Mouffetard</B><A NAME="6078"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">titles used as vocatives</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198"><B>Maître</B><A NAME="6096"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">abbreviations of currencies</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198"><B>FF</B><A NAME="6105"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY><TBODY>
<TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="227">capital letters</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="198">le <B>A</B><A NAME="6117"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>type=prop</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR>
</TBODY>
</TABLE>
</P></DIV>
</CENTER>
<P>
<HR>
<P><ADDRESS>
</ADDRESS>
</BODY>